Conventional computers rely on bits, units that can represent either a 0 or a 1. Quantum computing, on the other hand, harnesses qubits, particles capable of existing in a superposition of states, embodying both 0 and 1 simultaneously. This fundamental distinction empowers quantum computers to handle vast volumes of information at unprecedented speeds.

The quantum realm reached a watershed moment in 2019 when Google declared the achievement of quantum supremacy, a feat where a quantum computer surpassed the capabilities of even the most sophisticated classical supercomputers. This milestone symbolizes a substantial leap in computational prowess, foreshadowing a future where intricate problems can be resolved in a fraction of the time.

Quantum computing has ignited conversations about its potential impact on cryptography. Modern encryption hinges on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, a challenge quantum computers can adeptly confront. This has stirred concerns about the security of our digital infrastructure. To address this, researchers are actively developing post-quantum cryptography methods capable of withstanding quantum attacks.

Quantum computing's capability to simulate intricate molecular structures has the potential to expedite drug discovery and material science. By modeling and scrutinizing chemical reactions at the quantum level, scientists can craft new drugs and materials with unparalleled precision and swiftness.

Quantum computing beckons with the promise of significantly expediting AI and machine learning algorithms. Tasks like deep neural network training, optimization, and pattern recognition can be accomplished more efficiently, ushering in breakthroughs in AI applications across diverse domains.

While the potential of quantum computing is nothing short of monumental, it confronts considerable challenges. Quantum computers are exceptionally sensitive to external disruptions, making error correction a primary concern. Researchers are diligently working on creating error-correcting codes and enhancing the stability of quantum hardware.

The future of technology is inexorably linked to the evolution of quantum computing. It possesses the capacity to redefine our approach to challenges in various domains, spanning from cryptography and medicine to artificial intelligence. Nevertheless, it's crucial to acknowledge that quantum computing remains in its nascent stages, and widespread practicality may take time to materialize. Nonetheless, the journey towards unlocking its boundless potential is well underway, offering a vista of possibilities that are nothing short of awe-inspiring.

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